8.7.2 Parturition 52. ", "Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins", "Pangolins: 13 facts about the world's most hunted animal", "China's Ban on Wildlife Trade a Big Step, but Has Loopholes, Conservationists Say", "Evidence of recombination in coronaviruses implicating pangolin origins of nCoV-2019", "Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak", "Mystery deepens over animal source of coronavirus", WWF & TRAFFIC Report: Pangolin trade in Sabah (PDF), WWF News: Seized notebooks give unique insight into scale of illicit pangolin trade, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunda_pangolin&oldid=982996795, IUCN Red List critically endangered species, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 October 2020, at 16:55. Our Indonesia team is working incredibly hard to gather the evidence needed for authorities to arrest and prosecute those involved in wildlife trafficking. Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects. 1). This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. Sexual maturity occurred at one year old or as early as six-seven months old in some individuals, and requires further investigation. The room was also equipped with under-floor heating and an air humidifier to maintain the temperature and humidity of the enclosures at 18-30 °C and 60-90 %, respectively throughout the year. Although threatened by illegal hunting and habitat loss, this unique species received minimum scientific attention in 1985, Gaubert & Antunes 2005, Francis 2008). Based on these trends Sunda pangolins were assessed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in 2014 (Challender et al. Nonetheless, it does suggest the existence of interspecies differences in the breeding habits of pangolins. MJ148, which became pregnant in captivity and was the pregnant female that weighed the least was confirmed to weigh only 1.75 kg while pregnant. (2012) reported a social behavior, “wrestling” between a mother pangolin and its four months old young in captivity, and concur with Lim & Ng (2008) on the age of weaning. A total of 22 Sunda pangolin births were recorded (Table 1). Unless we act now we will lose the Sunda pangolin for ever. Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. population modelling). Translations are not retained in our system. There were seven females and eight males among the 15 newborn pangolins born at the PRB-SCNU (Table 1), suggesting a sex ratio in this species of 0.875:1 (♀:♂, n = 15). In S. Pantel & S. Y. Chin (Eds. “Wrestling” behaviour between a female Sunda pangolin and its 4-month-old offspring was also observed by Challender et al. It prefers forested habitats (primary, secondary, and scrub forest) and plantations (rubber, palm oil). Note: the development level of each foetus was more mature than the previous one from A to F. A, B and C are separate foetuses MJ-Rb, MJ-Hb and MJ-Gb; they were each found on June 15, 2011; D and F are separate foetuses MJ-Kb and MJ-Jb, both of them were found on June 23, 2011; E is foetus MJ-Fb, it was found on June 13, 2011. Sunda pangolins are found in a number of countries across Southeast Asia. 2012) and provided by Singapore Zoo and the Wildlife Rescue Center of Guangdong Province (J.J. Zou, pers. Females reach reproductive maturity towards the end of their first year. Distinguishing characteristics: The Sunda pangolin is the most widely distributed species of pangolin in Southeast Asia. © Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund 2013, all rights reserved. Pangolins are believed to be the most trafficked mammal in the world. Pangolins can swim long distances and the giant pangolin has been known to dig 40-metre burrows, Infant pangolins ride on their mothers’ tails for around three months, To feed, they use long claws to tear into ant and termite nests before using tongues longer than their body to lap up the insects, This unique combination of natural talents allows them to consume 70 million insects per year, When threatened they curl into a ball (hence their name –, Pangolins are very difficult to breed or even keep alive in captivity, partly due to their specialised diet. Comprehensive Breeding Techniques for the Giant Panda. Males are larger than females. Each Sunda pangolin in this study gave birth to one offspring at a time. 2016 Sep 19;(618):129-144. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.618.8886. Animal Behaviour, 60, 145-164. This saves pangolins – and the many other species being targeted. A keeper corridor with 1.8 m wide ran between the two rows of enclosures. The Sunda pangolin is Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List) yet Brunei remains one of the last strongholds for this species. These findings should improve understanding of the breeding habits of these species and may inform future conservation efforts, both ex situ and in situ (e.g. The subjects of this study were 31 pregnant female Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica). In this study, a total of nine cases of successful conception and parturition in captive female Sunda pangolins were recorded, seven from the PRB-SCNU and two from Singapore Zoo (Table 2). They are distributed in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Singapore (Payne et al. The observations of Sunda pangolin reproductive parameters in this paper were based on the wild-caught animals and those that had spent time in captive environments, however, when analyzing the results, we did not consider differences in terms of breeding habits between the two. At PRB-SCNU each rescued pangolin was housed individually in a separate enclosure within a large room. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. This picture shows two young riding on the tail of a female Sunda pangolin — suggesting it gave birth to twins (by Shibao Wu in 2009). Keywords: (2012) — observations that support the assumption of Lim & Ng (2008). When we infer the gestation period of Sunda pangolin, calculated from the start and end date of housing a female together with a male, to the date of parturition separately, we can calculate a “likely” minimum and maximum gestation period. There has also been little research in this area. A total of 30 enclosures were arranged down two sides of the room with 15 enclosures on each side. The Sunda pangolin is Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List) yet Brunei remains one of the last strongholds for this species. Populations of pangolins in the Philippines were until recently considered to be Sunda pangolins, but are now recognized to be the distinct Philippine pangolin. While its geographic range overlaps with that of the Chinese pangolin, it can be distinguished by fewer rows of scales across the back, shorter forelimb claws, and a longer more slender tail. There has also been little research in this area. ©2020 Fauna & Flora International - - Registered Charity Number 1011102, By using this site you agree to our use of cookies. Sadly, Sunda pangolins are predicted to decline by a further 80% within the next two decades unless urgent action is taken. The average duration of copulatory behavior was 248.9 ± 148.7 s (n = 25), and all copulation occurred between 20:00 and 08:00 hr in the natural day-night photoperiod. Today they are extremely rare in the northern portion of their range due to poaching, and are listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. One other pangolin miscarried, and this resulted in a stillbirth (Table 1). Despite this contribution, further studies are needed on the reproductive parameters of Sunda pangolin. Gradually, the young reduced the frequency of suckling, the duration of suckling decreased, and the frequency and quantity of eating artificial food increased until the young fed on artificial food exclusively and could be considered weaned. We estimated the gestation period in this species to be around six months. Like other pangolin species, the Sunda pangolin is hunted for its skin, scales, and meat, used in clothing manufacture and traditional medicine. Distribution: Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia; Indonesia; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Malaysia; Myanmar; Singapore; Thailand; Viet Nam. Where pangolins have been confiscated from illegal trade, the authors have been able to examine them and have found young pangolins suckling from dead females that also had foetuses in different stages of development in their uteri. Den preference has been known to shift at this time to favor mature forest tree hollows. Fauna & Flora International (FFI) has been leading effective on-the-ground responses to stem illegal wildlife trade for more than fifteen years. 2015 Jun 8;(507):99-114. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.507.6970. They are strong diggers and make burrows lined with vegetation for insulation near termite mounds and ant nests.