TOOLS AND TEXTS OF REFERENCE. There was not any option for a person to declare multiple ethnicities. In southeastern Bulgaria, Islam is the dominant religion among Romani people, with a smaller section of the Romani population, declaring themselves as "Turks", continuing to mix ethnicity with Islam. [257] Specifically, officials in the Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising crime rates in urban areas. History and Cultural Relations", "The Church of Norway and the Roma of Norway", "Demolita la 'bidonville' di Ponte Mammolo", "Fini: impossibile integrarsi con chi ruba", "Europe must break cycle of discrimination facing Roma", "Results of an Enquiry into the Situation of Roma und Ashkali in Kosovo (Dec.2004 to May 2005) – Roma and Ashkali in Kosovo: Persecuted, driven out, poisoned", "National Roma Integration Strategies: a first step in the implementation of the EU Framework", "Roma in Serbia (excluding Kosovo) on 1st January 2009", "Birth of a Nation: Kosovo and the Persecution of Pariah Minorities", "For Gypsies, Eugenics is a Modern Problem / Czech Practice Dates to Soviet Era", "Final Statement of the Public Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial Measures", "Italian woman's murder prompts expulsion threat to Romanians", "The gypsy in my soul: Sinti and Roma in the Netherlands", Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations, "European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. During the late Middle Ages, prominent medieval Romanian monarchs such as Bogdan of Moldavia, Stephen the Great, Mircea the Elder, Michael the Brave, or Vlad the Impaler took part actively in the history of Central Europe by waging tumultuous wars and leading noteworthy crusades against the then continuously expanding Ottoman Empire, at times allied with either the Kingdom of Poland or the Kingdom of Hungary in these causes. Most of the speaker communities in these regions consist of later immigrants from eastern or central Europe. The Romani (also spelled Romany /ˈroʊməni/, /ˈrɒ-/), colloquially known as Roma, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, traditionally nomadic itinerants living mostly in Europe, and diaspora populations in the Americas. After living in Romania and France he moved to the United States, where he became a professor at the University of Chicago, teaching the history of religions. [114] Likewise, the name of the Dom or Domba people of North India – to whom the Roma have genetic,[117] cultural and linguistic links – has come to imply "dark-skinned", in some Indian languages. [90] According to a 2004 survey, 80% consider themselves not superstitious and the same amount believe in angels, about 40% believe they have had dreams that became deja vu and 19% believe in ghosts.[91]. [230], In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the Romani language was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children sent to orphanages. [citation needed] Romanians are by nature fun loving, warm, hospitable, playful, with an innate sense of humor. Though according to a 2012 genomic study, the Romani reached the Balkans as early as the 12th century,[175] the first historical records of the Romani reaching south-eastern Europe are from the 14th century: in 1322, after leaving Ireland on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, Irish Franciscan friar Symon Semeonis encountered a migrant group of Romani outside the town of Candia (modern Heraklion), in Crete, calling them "the descendants of Cain"; his account is the earliest surviving description by a Western chronicler of the Romani in Europe. (2,868 communes and 13,285 villages). Another widespread suffix of Romanian surnames is -eanu (or -an, -anu), which indicates the geographical origin. Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over the Romani practise of child marriage. The Moldovan language, in its official form, is practically identical to Romanian, although there are some differences in colloquial speech. The persecution of the Romanies reached a peak during World War II in the Porajmos genocide perpetrated by Nazi Germany. The climate is temperate and marked by four distinct seasons. [106], Another common designation of the Romani people is Cingane (alt. However, the proportion of followers of Evangelical Christianity among Gitanos is higher than among the rest of Spaniards. This is a census figure. [71] About 10% of these belong to Haplogroup R1b in all counties. The English term Gypsy (or Gipsy) originates from the Middle English gypcian, short for Egipcien. In Europe, Romani people are associated with poverty, and are accused of high rates of crime and behaviours that are perceived by the rest of the population as being antisocial or inappropriate. Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 germs and a cure for a disease named after him, babesiosis; biologist Nicolae Paulescu discovered insulin. Prior to 1867, the (Daco-)Romanians were part of different state entities: with the Moldavians and the Wallachians being split off and having shaped separate political identities, possessing states of their own, while the rest of the Romanians were part of other states. Less than 1% of the population did not declare any ethnicity. 2, hatta 5 milyon gibi rakamlar dolaşıyor Çingenelerin arasında", "Situation of Roma in France at crisis proportions", "Roms, gens du voyage, deux réalités différentes", "Roma Integration – 2014 Commission Assessment: Questions and Answers", "A roma népesség területi megoszlásának változása Magyarországon az elmúlt évtizedekben", http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/emerging-romani-voices-from-latin-america, "Giornata Internazionale dei rom e sinti: presentato il Rapporto Annuale 2014 (PDF)", "Premier Tsipras Hosts Roma Delegation for International Romani Day", "Population and Housing Census. Despite its late start as a European nation-state, Romania in the 20th century produced several world-renowned intellectuals, including composer Georges Enesco, playwright Eugène Ionesco, philosopher Emil Cioran, religion historian Mircea Eliade, and Nobel laureate George E. Palade. [192][193], An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report (December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practised an assimilation policy towards Romanis, which "included efforts by social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community. [138] Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkan peninsula, in some Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia, and Ukraine. Despite this low level of differentiation between them, tree reconstruction and principal component analyses allowed a distinction between Balkan–Carpathian (Romanians, Moldovans, Ukrainians, Macedonians, and Gagauzes) and Balkan Mediterranean (Greeks, Albanians, Turks) population groups.